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The common noun bacteria (singular bacteria) of bacteria form a large area of prokaryotic microorganisms. Bacteria are usually a few microns long and have many shapes, ranging from spherical to rod and spiral. Bacteria are one of the earliest forms of life on earth and exist in most of their habitats. Bacteria inhabit deep in the soil, water, acid hot springs, radioactive waste and the earth's crust. Bacteria also have symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been identified, and only about half of the phylum has species that can grow in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is called bacteriology, which is a branch of microbiology.

There are usually 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil, and 1 million in a milliliter of fresh water. There are about 5-1030 bacteria [5] on the earth, forming more biomass than all animals and plants. Bacteria are crucial in many stages of the nutrient cycle, and they can recycle nutrients, such as nitrogen, from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of corpses, and bacteria are responsible for the decay process. In the communities around hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophiles provide the nutrients needed for life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide and methane, into energy. In March 2013, researchers reported data in October 2012. Some believe that bacteria thrive in the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the ocean, which is 11 kilometers deep. Other researchers have reported that microbes grow in rocks 580 meters below the sea floor, 2.6 kilometers off the northwest coast of the United States. "You can find microbes anywhere, they're very adaptable to a variety of conditions, no matter where they live," said one researcher

As we all know, the number of bacterial cells in human body is 10:1 higher than that of human cells. There are about 39 trillion bacterial cells in the human microbiome, represented by men with a height of 70 kg and 170 cm, while there are 30 trillion human cells in the human body. This means that while they do have the upper hand in real numbers, they are only 30 per cent, not 900 per cent.

The number of intestinal flora is the most, and the number on the skin is the most. The protective effect of the immune system makes most bacteria in the body harmless, although many bacteria are particularly beneficial to the intestinal flora. However, several bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy and plague. The most common fatal bacterial disease is respiratory infection, which kills about 2 million people each year, most of them in sub Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infection and agricultural production, which makes antibiotic resistance become an increasingly serious problem. In industry, bacteria play an important role in wastewater treatment and oil spill decomposition, cheese and yoghurt production through fermentation, mining industry, and recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in biotechnology and manufacturing. Antibiotics and other chemicals.